Happy New Year to all of our happy new customers in the US. Since we launched the website a few months back, we have been overwhelmed with the response. We will try our best to keep the product in stock over the busiest months coming up. We hope we have fully stocked up for you! Have a great and joyous 2009!
This article makes a LOT of sense. White FOODS don’t exist in nature… when did we get duped into thinking that a white food was healthy? Which marketing genius came up with that one? WOW… make sure ALL of the foods and supps you ingest have NATURAL COLOR… like Medox!
when the Grocery store actually has fresh picked fruits and vegetables… for now, we’ll be sure to continue including Medox in our supplementation regime!
http://www.ultimatehealthandfitness.com/antioxidants-cancer-assassins Good read… very good explanation on why we need MORE anti-oxidants at EVERY MEAL… if not we are speeding up the aging process…
Hmmm… I am starting to notice a trend here… that fresh and organic based foods are what we should be eating ALL OF THE TIME… I am certainly not able to do this all of the time… ARE YOU??? ….. REALLY? Â Sorry but I really don’t believe you… Â better go take a MEDOX again…
Fruits and Vegetables are good for you! Wow… Shazam… how much university research did it take them to figure THAT ONE out? We all KNOW that they are good for us… But once again, how many of us EAT that way? Not many… not many… This is why it is imperative to keep MEDOX in your arsenal! It is ALL NATURAL folks… nothing like those synthetic vitamins made in a lab by some drug company…Â
This is what is great about Medox… lots of people ask… well why is it Darkish purply blue? Â Simple. Â It is MADE from billberries and black currants! Enough said… oh and this is a great article about trying to color foods with NATURAL anthocyanins… Â Coloring
Wild Blueberries (BILLERRIES) like those found in Medox!Sure sounds easy to pound down blueberries at every meal… NOT … hmmm, great info in this post though… it is WAAAYYY easier to just take Medox daily… especially when berries are out of season!
Jean Perrins wrote a great blog post on Anthocyanins. She really nailed it on the head for the current research on berries like what is found in Medox!Here is her blog post. Â
Douglas Young of the Evening Chronicle is reporting this information!Check the link! Super fruits fight cancer!
We’re #1! We’re #1! We’re #1! We’re #1! Acai? What is that? Medox has the number one quantity of anti-oxidants possible! Check the story.
Here is a great article on how anti-oxidants fight wrinkles! Really fantastic!
The parent company of Medox posted a great story about how Medox came about. Check it out! The MEDOX STORY
Boy, it seems like all of the foods with the most amount of anti-oxidants, I just LOATHE! Take this one on tea! That’s right, TEA! Â I can’t stand tea! Can’t stand the smell! The taste! Cold or hot! YUCK! And these people want me to drink 5 cups per day?!? I think I will stick to MEDOX!TEA ARTICLE
TANNINS!This is a great article on how and why tannins work! Unfortunately, everyone just assumes that we have to be gulping down copious amounts of red wine daily to get these! Well, it is not true! It is easy to get these from blueberries, billberries, and black currants! Well, maybe not so easy, at least you won’t be impaired from eating a black currant! Or from taking a Medox!
From Wikipedia, we find:
 Polyphenols are a group of chemical substances found in plants, characterized by the presence of more than one phenol group per molecule. Polyphenols are generally further subdivided into hydrolyzable tannins, which are gallic acid esters of glucose and other sugars; and phenylpropanoids, such as lignins, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Â
 WHEW… that is a mouthful! Okay, so what is a phenol?
 Phenol, also known under an older name of carbolic acid, is a toxic, colourless crystalline solid with a sweet tarry odor. Its chemical formula is C6H5OH and its structure is that of a hydroxyl group (-OH)bonded to a phenyl ring; it is thus an aromatic compound. Â
Â
Okay, NOW we are really getting nowhere fast… Don’t remember any stochiometry, do you? Â Okay, let’s look a little deeper and try to find out where TANNINS come from:
 Tea (too bad I don’t like tea… seems easy enough to get this if you drink a lot of tea…) Â
The tea plant is an example of a plant said to have a naturally high tannin content. When any type of tea leaf is steeped in hot water it brews a “tart” flavour that is characteristic of tannins. This is due to the catechins and other flavonoids. Tea “tannins” are chemically distinct from other types of plant tannins such as tannic acid and tea extracts have been reported to contain no tannic acid. (Not sure what Tannic acid is… perhaps, I’ll save that for another blog post…)
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Wine (ahhh… yummy, pass the bottle please!) Tannins (mainly condensed tannins) are also found in wine, particularly red wine. Tannins in wine can come from many sources and the tactile properties differ depending on the source. Tannins in grape skins and seeds (the latter being especially harsh) tend to be more noticeable in red wines, which are fermented while in contact with the skins and seeds. Modern winemakers take great care to minimize undesirable tannins from seeds by crushing grapes gently to extract their juice. Wines can also take on tannins if matured in oak or wood casks with a high tannin content. Tannins play an important role in preventing oxidation in aging wine and appear to polymerize and make up a major portion of the sediment in wine. (Actually, no joke, this is exactly why I started drinking the occasional red wine with dinner!)
Recently, a study in wine production and consumption has shown that tannins in the form of procyanidins, have a beneficial effect on vascular health. The study showed that tannins suppressed production of the peptide responsible for hardening arteries. To support their findings, the study also points out that wines from the regions of southwest France and Sardinia are particularly rich in procyanidins, and that these regions also produce populations with longer life spans. (Okay, now, either we all move to France, OR, we all start drinking expensive French red wines OR, we might want to start taking Medox!)
Okay, the rest of the wiki articles suggest that we should all start eating pomegranates, and persimmons… Can’t recall the last time I really saw these either in a tree, OR at any supermarket… It also mentions to eat berries, but berries aren’t always in season… guess I’ll stick with Medox!
Here is more good news for polyphenols like those found in Medox. Â It seems that they delay or prevent dementia! Read more here:Â http://www.foodindustrymarket.com/2007/11/a-grape-future-.html
The Billberry (wild Blueberry) has been known for many years as a way to improve the human immune system.Anthocyanins are the active component in several herbal folk medicines such as bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), which was used in the 12th century to induce menstruation and during World War II to improve British pilots’ night vision. Scientists are now discovering how such anthocyanins work and are beginning to appreciate their health benefits. Studies show anthocyanins’ positive influences on a variety of health conditions. One reason is their anti-inflammatory properties, which affect collagen and the nervous system. Their ability to protect both large and small blood vessels from oxidative damage derives from a range of effects, including mitigating microvessel damage from high blood-sugar levels that cause complications in diabetics. By the same token, diabetic retinopathy, which damages eyesight, is caused by leaking, damaged capillaries. Medox, is natural product from Billberries and is available in our office. It is the strongest Anthocyanins supplement on the market. Â
More and more studies are being published on Medox.Check this one out. http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=78521-bilberry-anthocyanins-inflammation
DAIQUIRI CUREStrawberries are good for you, but serving them in daiquiri form may make them even healthier, scientists say. While exploring ways to help keep strawberries fresh during storage, researchers from Thailand and the U.S. discovered that treating the berries with alcohol increased antioxidant capacity and free-radical scavenging activity within the fruit. While such a boost helped the berries resist decay, the same compounds would also be expected to make the strawberries healthier to eat. Dr. Korakot Chanjirakul and colleagues at Kasetsart University in Thailand, in collaboration with scientists at the United States Department of Agriculture, tested the berries with ethanol and found that the treatment improved the physiology of the fruit as measured by several different laboratory tests for antioxidant activity. Colored berry fruits like strawberries contain compounds known as polyphenols and anthocyanins. Consumption of these compounds has been linked to the prevention of diseases ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative disorders. The scientists found similar results with blackberries. (Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture)
By Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D., with Michael RaeSeptember 8, 2007From Chapter OneIt was 4 a.m. in California, but my body insisted on reminding me that it was noon in Cambridge. I was exhausted from the intercontinental flight and by a day spent in debate with some of the most influential personalities in biogerontology, at an invitation-only brainstorming workshop on ideas to combat aging. Evolutionary biologist Michael Rose was there. So were calorie restriction researchers Richard Weindruch and George Roth, nanotechnologist Robert Freitas, and several others. But I couldn’t sleep: On top of the mismatch between biological and geographical clocks, I was frustrated at what I saw as the day’s failure to make any real progress toward a concrete, realistic anti-aging plan. As I dozed and pondered, a question on the nature of metabolism and aging wormed its way into my brain and wouldn’t let go.In my bleary irritation, I sat up, ran my hands over my beard, and began pacing the room, turning over the quandary in my mind. “Normal” metabolism was just so messy, and the raging debates in the biogerontology literature showed how difficult it was to determine what paced what: which metabolic disruptions were causes of aging, and which were effects (or secondary causes) that would simply disappear if the underlying primary causes were addressed. How could we make a positive difference in such a complex, poorly understood system? How could any meaningful change made in metabolism not be like a butterfly flapping its wings—apt to cause large, unwanted storms further down the line?Then a second line of thought began to form in my mind—idly at first, just as a notion. The real issue, surely, was not which metabolic processes cause aging damage in the body, but the damage itself. Forty-year-olds have fewer healthy years to look forward to than twenty-year-olds because of differences in their molecular and cellular composition, not because of the mechanisms that gave rise to those differences. How far could I narrow down the field of candidate causes of aging by focusing on the molecular damage itself?Well, I thought, it can’t hurt to make a list . . .There are mutations in our chromosomes, of course, which cause cancer. There is glycation, the warping of proteins by glucose. There are the various kinds of junk that accumulate outside the cell (”extracellular aggregates”): beta-amyloid, the lesser-known transthyretin, and possibly other substances of the same general sort. There is also the unwholesome goo that builds up within the cell (”intracellular aggregates”), such as lipofuscin. There’s cellular senescence, the “aging” of individual cells, which puts them into a state of arrested growth and causes them to produce chemical signals dangerous to their neighbors. And there’s the depletion of the stem cell pools essential to healing and maintenance of tissue.And of course, there are mitochondrial mutations, which seem to disrupt cellular biochemistry by increasing oxidative stress. I had for a few years felt optimistic that scientists could solve this problem by copying mitochondrial DNA from its vulnerable spot at “ground zero,” within the free-radical generating mitochondria, into the bomb shelter of the cell nucleus, where damage to DNA is vastly rarer.Now, if only we had solutions like that for all of this other stuff, I mused, we could forget about the “butterfly effect” of interfering with basic metabolic processes, and just take the damage ITSELF out of the picture.Hmm.Well, I thought, why the bloody hell not?From Ending Aging by Aubrey de Grey, Ph.D. with Michael Rae. Copyright (c) 2007 by the author and reprinted by permission of St. Martin’s Press.
Miami, September 10, 2007 – In modern life, stress is always present, but there are ways to protect ourselves from its destructive effects.Antioxidants have been proven effective when it comes to boosting thebody’s ability to fight damaging free radicals – many of which arereleased into the system by stress. The latest substance being buzzed about? Anthocyanins, the pigments that give dark fruits like bilberries and blueberries their color.Miami homeopath Siri Torgersen has been talking to patients about Medox, a new supplement made with 80 milligrams of pure, concentrated Anthocyanins.Before coming to Florida, Torgersen witnessed remarkable results by prescribing it to her patients in Norway. She has a story to tell and so do the few Americans who have had access to this high concentration of Anthocyanins. She is as passionate about their benefits and healing powers as she is about promoting an overall healthy lifestyle. Medox is the product of the marriage of science and nature.It was 20 years in the making. And many say – worth the wait. It’s not a juice, a patch, or a cream. Nor is it a fad or a novelty. It’s a supplement in capsule form, taken by people serious about maintaining their health…or getting it back,” says Torgersen, who promotes a lifestyle that includes a proper diet and exercise.Siri Torgersen encourages homeopathy as a complement to traditional, western medicine. She does not see the two as mutually exclusive. This approach has made her one of the most in-demand practitioners in the state, and earned her the distinction of being the sole domestic distributor of Medox, by its manufacturer Medpalett, a Scandinavian biotechnology company.
Expert in Complementary Medicine and Homeopathy to Open Miami Beach Clinic
MIAMI BEACH – (September 24, 2007) – Siri Torgersen, H.M., internationally recognized expert in the field of complementary medicine, will open a wellness clinic at 1601 Washington Avenue, Suite 112, in the heart of Miami Beach, this November. Torgersen, who has practiced in Miami for six years, promotes the use of alternative treatments in combination with a traditional western regimen.  Her patients include profession and amateur athletes, models, business leaders, and people whose lives are prone to stress, or who are in ill health. In this new location, she will welcome vacationers seeking to improve their health during their time away.  The clinic will feature commonly known holistic practices such as acupuncture, reflexology, acupressure, homeopathy, Chinese herbal medicine, cupping, colon therapy and iridology. Based on Torgersen’s diagnosis, the appropriate treatments can be applied to patients who have drug and alcohol addictions, Diabetes and who are overweight. “My philosophy has always been to embrace what the doctors order, and then combine it with natural remedies, to achieve optimal results,†says Torgersen. “What my new patients realize in short time is that there’s no mystery to this. It’s the science of using nature to improve your life.†PURELIFE TREATMENT CENTER will carry a full selection of homeopathic remedies, including a supplement relatively new to this market called Medox. Torgersen is the only authorized dealer in the United States for Medox, a concentrated antioxidant made from anthocyanins, the substance which gives blueberries and bilberries their color. It is taken for prevention and treatment of ailments caused by inflammation. MedPalett, a biotechnology company in Norway, manufactures the compound, which has been popular in Europe for years. For more information, go to www.medox-usa.com.
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I know I can’t remember. I do like them, but I don’t remember to eat these. This is a great blog that talks about dark colored fruits and vegetables being full of anthocyanins - now regarded as anti-cancer superfoods! I know I don’t eat these foods as often as I should, so it becomes one more reason why we take Medox! Â Here is the blog.
WHOA. New Research coming out yesterday regarding heart attacks. It appears that the University of Pittsburgh has identified a new gene regarding this. A snippet:
“In this study we found that GPD1-L, while not an ion channel itself, is a trafficking gene that allows the sodium channel to find its way to the cell membrane. The mutation interferes with the trafficking and leads to potentially fatal arrhythmias,†said Dr. London. “Equally important, we suspect that the function of the native GPD1-L gene and the mutant are influenced by oxidative stress, a process which interferes with the body’s natural ability to repair itself from antioxidant assaults, e.g., pollution, smoking or stress. Also, patients with Brugada syndrome only rarely have symptoms; they have this genetic mutation all the time. So, the question now is, why do arrhythmias or sudden death happen on any one particular day” Something else is happening concurrently with this mutation to trigger the potentially lethal rhythm problems. With the identification of this new GPD1-L gene, we hope to identify other new genes along with entirely new pathways that stabilizes the rhythm of the heart, increasing our understanding of the mechanisms that lead to sudden death in this particular condition,†added Dr. London. Â
How many of us can make the time to eat perfectly? Fresh fruits and vegetables? Green tea? Red wine? More and more studies (like this one) are coming out to show us that eating a perfect diet like this will decrease cancer risk and other disease decrease… but really… how likely is it that we will do this OR that this food is really always available? I guess if we all moved to France we could have plenty of this all of the time… OR we could all just own our own farms and milk our own cows, and … NOT! Â How about an easy answer like Medox! I’ll take the Medox please… much easier…
Raul G Corredor MDÂ
Copyrigths: Purelife Scandinavia, Raul G Corredor 2007Â
Â
The advantages of an antioxidative diet are well accepted today. However, newÂ
research shows that the term antioxidant is far from being specific. ThoughtÂ
antioxidants are present in many foods including wines, fruits, nuts, olive oil,Â
cocoa, honey, some vegetables, green tea and cereals, dietary supplementsÂ
(including vitamins E, C or A), oligoelements (like zinc and selenium), andÂ
carotenoids (like beta carotene, lutein and zeaxanthin), new biological andÂ
chemical characteristics of this compounds have been discovered indicating thatÂ
there are different types of antioxidants, some of them with different free-radicalÂ
scavenging capacities (indicating their potency), and even more important, withÂ
different mechanisms of action. Â
Â
Description: One important family among antioxidants is the flavonoid group,Â
which comprise the most abundant group of plant polyphenols. The flavonoidÂ
group includes the anthocyanins, the flavonols, the flavones, the flavanones, theÂ
proanthocyanidines, the flavan-3-ols and isoflavones. From these, anthocyaninsÂ
have received special attention because a long tradition of beneficial effects.Â
Thought other antioxidants have been tested in clinical trials that have givenÂ
conflicting results; new research has been done recently and clinical trials areÂ
ongoing to test the specific effect of anthocyanins in vitro and in vivo. MEDOXÂ
(also identified as MP865) is a unique combination of anthocyanins obtained byÂ
purification from black currants (Ribes nigrum L.) and from bilberries (VacciniumÂ
myrtillus). The purification process (MEDOX is made in an in-house developed,Â
high tech., patented, chromatographic process) yields highly purifiedÂ
anthocyanines presented as capsules of 80 mg pure anthocyanins plus 115 mgÂ
polyphenols. Next, scientific evidence demonstrating important biological effectsÂ
of specific anthocyanins (as well as the synergistic effect of the naturalÂ
anthocyanin mixture) that compose MEDOX is presented. Â
Â
Absorption and metabolism: Anthocyanins are hydro-soluble plant pigmentsÂ
that usually have an attached sugar (glycosides) or les frequently, do not have itÂ
(aglycones). Both forms have particular characteristics in reference to absorptionÂ
and antioxidant capabilities. Although some generalizations are possible, newÂ
evidence suggest that the biological properties are different, and some timesÂ
unique, among different anthocyanines (for review see Prior et al. 2006). As anÂ
example, now it is accepted that anthocyanines can be absorbed intact asÂ
glycosides (in contraposition to other hydro-soluble compounds), though still theÂ
aglycones present easier absorption. Several mechanisms are involved inÂ
absorption to explain why anthocyanines can be detected in plasma as soon as 6Â
minutes after ingestion, and the maximum concentration in plasma (Cmax) canÂ
be reached 30 to 120 minutes after ingestion (Prior 2006). Surprisingly, one ofÂ
those mechanisms has been determined to be direct gastric absorption using aÂ
bilitraslocase-type enzyme (Passamonti 2003) at the gastric mucosa; the highestÂ
absorption seems to be at the jejunum. Thought the absorbed fraction of Â
anthocyanins, determined by measuring plasma levels and excretion, is aroundÂ
0.1 (1%), the process of absorption and metabolism is still under activeÂ
investigation. In particular, the fraction of anthocyanins that is collected in fecesÂ
after ingestion, has turned out to be very important because this fractionÂ
comprise intact anthocyanins and metabolized anthocyanins excreted in the bileÂ
together with phenolic acids which are products of bacterial degradation. ThisÂ
mixture is biologically active and is responsible for the reported protectiveÂ
antioxidant effect over colonic mucosa mediated by inhibition of malignantÂ
transformation and/or invasion (Coates 2007, Cooke 2006, Prior 2006). The mostÂ
abundant anthocyanins in blackcurrants are Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, Delphinidin-3-Â
rutinoside, Delphinidin-3-glucoside and Cyanidin-3-glucoside and their aglyconesÂ
cyanidin and delphinidin (Slimestad and Solheim 2002, Prior 2006). The mostÂ
abundant anthocyanins in bilberries are, in order of percentage composition, Â
Delphinidin-3-galactoside, Delphinidin-3-glucoside, Delphinidin-3-arabinoside,Â
Cyanidin-3-glucoside, Cyanidin-3-galactoside, Cyanidin-3-arabinoside, Malvidin-Â
3-glucoside, Petunidin-3-glucoside, Malvidin-3-galactoside, Petunidin-3-Â
galactoside, Peonidin-3-glucoside, Petunidin-3-arabinoside, Malvidin-3-Â
arabinoside, Peonidin-3-galactoside and Peonidin-3-arabinoside (Rahman 2006,Â
Cooke 2006(b)). This composition gives MEDOX unique characteristics, not onlyÂ
for the highly purified amount of anthocyanins, but also because the superoxideÂ
radical-scavenging activity is synergic among different anthocyanins (RahmanÂ
2006). Anthocyanins from bilberries and black currants (which are the primeÂ
material in MEDOX) are rapidly absorbed after ingestion (facilitated by specificÂ
transporters and the aglycone part), Keep their antioxidant ability during theÂ
process (reinforced in part by the stability of the rutenoside compoundsÂ
(Rubinskiene 2005)), and have a longer half life in human plasma due to theÂ
presence of glycosides which are metabolized in part to anthocyanidins, whichÂ
are suspected to exert even more potent biological activities (Cooke 2006, CookeÂ
2006(b). The last feature is particularly important because is an in vivoÂ
demonstration about the presence of aglycones in human plasma which can thenÂ
undergo further biotransformation, asseveration that has been subject ofÂ
controversy. Â
Â
Antioxidant activity: The antioxidant properties of anthocyanins have beenÂ
extensively demonstrated in vivo and in vitro and only specific mechanisms areÂ
considered here. In addition to the higher superoxide-scavenging activity andÂ
peroxynitrite-scavenging activity in the natural or reconstituted mix ofÂ
anthocyanins (Rahman 2006); other biological effects of anthocyanins have beenÂ
demonstrated, some of which are not directly related to their antioxidant capacity.Â
Below, some of those effects will be described. Â
Â
Aging and exercise-induced oxidative stress: Starting with the generalÂ
antioxidant ability of anthocyanins, some human studies can be cited. In oneÂ
study, healthy volunteers received berry juice or the same juice afterÂ
anthocyanins-polyphenols extraction during three weeks; during intervention withÂ
the fruit juice blood and urine samples were collected; a decrease of oxidativeÂ
DNA damage (p<5×10(-4) (determined by the comet assay) and an increase ofÂ
reduced glutathione (p<5×10(-4)) and of glutathione status (p<0.05) wereÂ
observed (Weisel 2006). Elevation of glutathione S-transferase P1 (hGSTP1)Â
protein expression in human leucocytes of healthy volunteers has also beenÂ
demonstrated after two two-weeks period of berry juice consumption whenÂ
compared with controls; hGSTP1 has been shown to prevent DNA damage andÂ
mutagenesis (Hofmann 2006). Interestingly, in vitro polyphenol mixtures up-Â
regulated other biotransformation enzymes (e. g., members of the cytochromÂ
P450 and the sulphotransferase family) and treatment of leucocytes led to aÂ
modulated mRNA expression of selected genes, not directly related to oxidativeÂ
defense systems (Hofmann 2006). According to another study, this antioxidantÂ
protection seems to be extended in individuals performing physical exercise asÂ
determined by analyzing the levels of lipid peroxidation (TBARS) in bloodÂ
samples from rowers (with or without berry juice supplementation) performing aÂ
daily physical exercise during 1 month training camp. In the group supplementedÂ
with berry juice, glutathione peroxidase activity was lower in the samplesÂ
collected 1 min after the exercise test, superoxide dismutase activity was lower inÂ
the samples taken following a 24-h recovery, and TBARS were lower at bothÂ
times when compared to the subjects receiving placebo. The authors of thisÂ
study suggest that an increased intake of anthocyanins limits the exercise-Â
induced oxidative damage to red blood cells, most probably by enhancing theÂ
endogenous antioxidant defense (Pilaczynska-Szczesniak 2005). The protectionÂ
against exercise-induced oxidative damage is further supported by a double-Â
blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study that assesses peripheral circulationÂ
using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Forearm blood flow (FBF) is measuredÂ
after venous occlusion prior to and hourly for 4 h after ingestion of blackcurrantÂ
anthocyanins (BCA). FBF increases significantly 2 h after BCA ingestion [BCAÂ
1.22 (0.13)-fold increase relative to pre-values vs. placebo 0.83 (0.06) of pre-Â
values; P < 0.05] and then tended to increase for a further 3 h after ingestionÂ
[BCA 1.26 (0.15)-fold increase relative to pre-values vs. placebo 0.82 (0.07) ofÂ
pre-values; P = 0.078]. The protective effect is also observed if intermittentÂ
typing workload is performed for 30 min in order to induce acute shoulderÂ
stiffness. BCA intake prevented the decrease in oxy-Hb significantly (P < 0.05),Â
and also tended to alleviate the increase in root mean square (RMS) of the EMGÂ
during the typing workload and muscle stiffness after the workload, in this way,Â
reducing muscle fatigue (Matsumoto 2005).Â
Â
Anti-inflammatory activity: The mechanisms mediating the anti-inflammatoryÂ
effect of anthocyanins are under continuous investigation. It has been shownÂ
that anthocyanins have ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the sameÂ
amount that NSAIDs do (Seeram 2001). Among the molecular mechanismsÂ
involved in this response it has been shown in murine lipopolysaccharide-Â
activated macrophages, that anthocyanidins, specially Delphinidin, suppressedÂ
COX-2 by blocking the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, withÂ
simultaneous modulation of the nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) pathway, activatorÂ
protein-1 (AP-1) and C/EBP? (Hou 2005). Other related anti-inflammatoryÂ
mechanisms have been invoked, including inhibition of interleukin-6 related alsoÂ
with inhibition of the NF-kB pathway (Omoigui 2007); and the modulatory effect inÂ
tumor necrosis factor-? (TNF-?) (Xu J-W 2006). A clinical study showed thatÂ
proanthocyanidins reduced inflammation and oxidative stress plasma levels andÂ
adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-selectin) in systemic sclerosisÂ
(Kalin 2002).Â
Â
Cardiovascular System: In reference to the cardiovascular system it is clearÂ
now that atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disorder; also that lipid peroxidationÂ
as well as alterations in nitric oxide-mediated vasodilatation are relevantÂ
pathogenic events. This circumstances put anthocyanins in a privileged positionÂ
since they are able to positively influence all three factors. Xia et al. (Xia 2007)Â
reported a novel mechanism how anthocyanins can attenuate atheroscleroticÂ
plaque formation in apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient mice. It has been publishedÂ
that hyperactivation of the pro-inflammatory CD40 receptor is greatly amplified byÂ
hipercholesterolemia and other pro-inflammatory stimulus including its ligation toÂ
CD40 ligand (CD40L) and traslocation of tumor necrosis factor receptor-Â
associated factors (TRAF-2) to the membrane (Lutgens 2000,Frolov and HuiÂ
2007); CD40 activation strongly depends on the cholesterol domain (raft)Â
structure of the cell plasma membrane. Xia et al showed that anthocyanins,Â
specifically Cyanidin-3-glucoside or peonidin-3-glucoside, reduced raftÂ
cholesterol levels by up-regulation of ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux to ApoÂ
A-I, in this way, inhibiting the formation of a CD40/TRAF-2 complex (formed afterÂ
traslocation of TRAF-2 to the lipid raft) able to activate NF-kB and inhibiting alsoÂ
subsequent up-regulation of pro-inflammatory citokines IL-1, IL-8 and monocyteÂ
chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in human endothelial cells. Te authorsÂ
conclude that anthocyanin protects from CD40-induced proinflammatoryÂ
signaling by preventing TRAF-2 translocation to lipid rafts through regulation ofÂ
cholesterol distribution (Xia 2007). A positive role of anthocyanins in preventingÂ
endothelial cell death has been also demonstrated. TNF-? is involved inÂ
inflammation-mediated vascular damage by inducing apoptosis (associated withÂ
cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase) of endothelialÂ
cells. Anthocyanins inhibit this effect of TNF-? through multiple signalingÂ
pathways which include elevation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) andÂ
thioredoxin (Trx); this is related to activation of AKT, decrease in lipidÂ
peroxidation products and modulation of the tumor suppressor gene P53 (Xu J-WÂ
2006). It is well accepted that eNOS promote endothelium-dependent relaxationÂ
of blood vessels, and this is consistent with the vasodilatation produced byÂ
anthocyanins. Lazze et al (Lazze 2006) showed that anthocyanidins (aglyconesÂ
delphinidin and cyanidin) at the physiological concentration that could beÂ
observed in vivo, decreased endothelin-1 production and increased endothelialÂ
nitric oxide synthase in cultured human endothelial cells. As an example ofÂ
anthocyanins diversity, Bell et al (Bell 2006) applied extracts from three differentÂ
berries (bilberry, chokeberry or elderberry) to coronary arterial rings isolated fromÂ
64 pigs. Bilberry and chokeberry extracts, but not elderberry extract, producedÂ
dose and endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation; at lower concentration bilberryÂ
and chokeberry extracts did not induce vasorelaxation but protected againstÂ
ROS-induced (pyrogallol-induced) vasoconstricition. Â
Â
Prevention of malignant transformation: Anthocyanins prevent cellularÂ
malignant transformation. Moreover, anthocyanins have been probed to induceÂ
apoptosis in some malignant cells. This characteristic is extremely importantÂ
since, as was shown above, anthocyanins are protective for normal cells. AÂ
recent publication from Feng et al (Feng 2007) brings light over this apparentÂ
contradiction and reinforces the selectivity of anthocyanins anti-tumorous activity.Â
Feng found that Cyanidin-3-rutenoside selectively kills leukemic cells (HL-60Â
cells) by induction of oxidative stress. Anthocyanins induce peroxideÂ
accumulation and apoptosis in HL-60 cells. In addition, cyanidin-3-rutinosideÂ
treatment resulted in reactiveÂ
oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activation of p38 MAPK and c-jun NH2-Â
terminal kinase (JNK), which contributed to cell death by activating theÂ
mitochondrial pathway mediated by Bim. Notably, cyanidin-3-rutinoside treatmentÂ
did not lead toÂ
Increased ROS accumulation in normal human peripheral blood mononuclearÂ
cells and had no cytotoxic effects on these cells (Feng 2007). MolecularÂ
mechanisms behind the chemoprotective effects of anthocyanins can be inferredÂ
from all the biological effects already mentioned. Hou et al (Hou 2004) proposedÂ
similar mechanisms including modulation of MAPK pathway, AP-1 factor, NF-kBÂ
pathway, Cyclooxigenase-2 gene and JNK-mediated caspase activation. ThoughÂ
more information is available every day; the current information should beÂ
enough to support the use of anthocyanines. Block et al (Block 2007) performedÂ
a systematic review of the literature in order to compile results from randomizedÂ
trials that evaluate concurrent use of antioxidants with chemotherapy.Â
Anthocyanins were not used in any of this trials. Still, Block et al. concluded thatÂ
the review “ provides suggestive evidence that antioxidant supplementation helpsÂ
reduce some adverse reactions including neurotoxicity, thrombocytopenia,Â
diarrhea, thusÂ
enabling increased or uninterrupted dosing in patients who otherwise mayÂ
discontinue treatment due to side effectsâ€. The review did not detect diminishedÂ
chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients receiving antioxidant supplementation inÂ
randomized trials and suggest that “the clinical application of antioxidantÂ
supplementationÂ
during chemotherapy should be further explored†(Block 2007). The link betweenÂ
the inhibitory effect of anthocyanins over the epidermal growth factor receptorÂ
(EGFR) and their effect on phosphodiesterase modulation, was proposed byÂ
Marko et al (Marko 2004) to be the common end point modulation of the MAPKÂ
pathway that regulates cell proliferation.Â
Â
The visual system: The eye is a biological system relying significantly inÂ
pigment function, and it seems that the anthocyanin pigments have importantÂ
beneficial effects in the eye. It has been shown that bilberry anthocyanins protectÂ
human retinal pigment ephitelial cells in culture (ARPE-19 cells) from pyridiniumÂ
bisretinoid (A2E) photooxidation and membrane permeabilization; A2E is aÂ
pigment that accumulates in retinal pigment epithelial cells with age and also inÂ
“Stargardt†and “Best†retinal disorders, A2E mediate a detergent-likeÂ
permeabilization of cell membranes and light-induced damage. AnthocyaninesÂ
quenched singlet oxygen which mediated the photooxidation process andÂ
improved survival of RPE cells by 60% (Jang 2005). The effects of anthocyanin-Â
enriched bilberry extracts were also analyzed in ARPE-19 cells oxidativelyÂ
challenged with hydrogen peroxide. The same extract after phenolic removal wasÂ
used as control. Anthocyanines from bilberry up-regulated the oxidative stressÂ
defensive enzymes Heme Oxygenase-1 and Glutation S-Transferase-pi.Â
Indicating this way, that anthocyanins have effect in gene expression of cell-Â
endogenous antioxidant mediators (Milbury 2007). In the rd1 mouse model ofÂ
retinitis pigmentosa (RP) a cocktail of antioxidants (not including anthocyanins)Â
was administered. Carbonyl adducts andÂ
immunohistochemical staining for acrolein were measured as markers forÂ
oxidative damage. “the staining for acrolein in remaining cones at day 35 of lifeÂ
was eliminated in antioxidant-treated rd1 mice, confirming that the treatmentÂ
markedly reduced oxidative damage in cones; this was accompanied by a 2-foldÂ
increase in cone cell density and a 50% increase in medium-wavelength coneÂ
opsin mRNA. Antioxidants also caused some preservation of cone functionÂ
based upon photopic electroretinogramsâ€(Komeima 2006).Â
Â
Neuroprotection: Finally, it is important to mention the possible role ofÂ
anthocyanins in the brain. 6-hydroxy dopamine is a neurotoxic metabolite ofÂ
dopamine. Both can be oxidized to generate ROS, which has been implicated inÂ
dopaminergic neurodegeneration; this could be also related to abnormal redoxÂ
state and cytoplasmic release of cytocrhome c (Cytc) leading to neuronalÂ
apoptosis. Purified anthocyanins and Vaccinium extracts were tested for theirÂ
effect to protect against Cytc-enhanced 6-hydroxy DA oxidation. The most potentÂ
protector was Vaccinium myrtillus (bilberry) with a 50% inhibition (Yao 2007).Â
This study provide strong support for testing anthocyanins as neuronal andÂ
mitochondrial protectors.Â
Â
At this point, it could be undoubtedly concluded that there is a big amount ofÂ
evidence about the biological mechanisms mediating the beneficial effects of theÂ
anthocyanins that compose MEDOX. MEDOX provides a unique opportunity toÂ
supplement high quality anthocyanins. Â
Â
ReferencesÂ
Â
Bagchi D., Sen C. K., Bagchi M. and Atalay M.. REVIEW: Â
Anti-angiogenic, Antioxidant, and Anti-carcinogenic Properties of a Â
Novel Anthocyanin-Rich Berry Extract Formula. Biochemistry (Moscow) Â
2004; 69(1): 75-80.Â
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Bell D. R. and Gochenaur K. Direct vasoactive and vasoprotective propertiesÂ
of anthocyanin-rich extracts. J Appl Physiol. 2006; 100: 1164–1170.Â
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Block K. I., Koch M. C., Mead M. N., M. N., Tothy P. K.,Â
Newman R. A., Gyllenhaal C. Impact of antioxidant supplementation onÂ
chemotherapeutic efficacy: A systematic review of the evidence fromÂ
randomized controlled trials. Cancer Treat Rev. 2007Â
doi:10.1016/j.ctrv.2007.01.005Â
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Coates E. M., Popa G., Gill C. IR., McCann M. J., McDougall G. J., Stewart D.Â
and Rowland I. Colon-available raspberry polyphenols exhibit anti-cancerÂ
effects on in vitro models of colon cancer Journal of Carcinogenesis. 2007;Â
6:4Â
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Cooke D., Schwarz M., Boocock D., Winterhalter P., Steward W. P., Gescher A.Â
J., Marczylo T. H. Effect of cyanidin-3-glucoside and an anthocyanin mixtureÂ
from bilberry on adenoma development in the ApcMin mouse model ofÂ
intestinal carcinogenesis - Relationship with tissue anthocyanin levels.Â
International Journal of Cancer. 2006; 119(9): 2213-2220.Â
Â
Cooke D. N., Thomasset S., Boocock D. J., Schwarz M., Winterhalter P.,Â
Steward W. P., Gescher A. J. and Marczylo T. H. Development of Analyses byÂ
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and LiquidÂ
Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Bilberry ( VacciniumÂ
myrtilus) Anthocyanins in Human Plasma and Urine J. Agric. Food Chem.Â
2006; 54: 7009-7013.Â
Â
Feng R., Ni H., Wang S. Y., Tourkova I. L., Shurin M. R., Harada H. and Yin X.Â
Cyanidin-3-rutinoside, a Natural Polyphenol Antioxidant, Selectively KillsÂ
Leukemic Cells by Induction of Oxidative Stress. The journal of biologicalÂ
chemistry. 2007; 282(18): 13468–13476.Â
Â
Frolov A. and Hui D. Y. The modern art of atherosclerosis: A picture ofÂ
colorful plants, cholesterol, and inflammation. Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc.Â
Biol. 2007; 27: 450-452.Â
Â
Hofmann T., Liegibel U., Winterhalter P., Bub A., Rechkemmer G., Pool-Zobel B.Â
L. Intervention with polyphenol-rich fruit juices results in an elevation ofÂ
glutathione S-transferase P1 (hGSTP1) protein expression in humanÂ
leucocytes of healthy volunteers. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2006;Â
50(12): 1191–1200.Â
Â
Hou D., Yanagita T., Uto T., Masuzaki S., Fujii M. Anthocyanidins inhibitÂ
cyclooxygenase-2 expression in LPS-evoked macrophages: Structure–Â
activity relationship and molecular mechanisms involved. BiochemicalÂ
Pharmacology. 2005; 70: 417–425.Â
Â
Hou D., Fujii M., Terahara N., and Yoshimoto M. Molecular MechanismsÂ
Behind the Chemopreventive Effects of Anthocyanidins. J BiomedÂ
Biotechnol. 2004; 5: 321–325.Â
Â
Jang Y. P., Zhou J., Nakanishi K. and Sparrow J. R. Anthocyanins ProtectÂ
Against A2E Photooxidation and Membrane Permeabilization in RetinalÂ
Pigment Epithelial Cells. Photochem Photobiol. 2005; 81(3): 529–536.Â
Â
Kalin R., Righi A., Del-Rosso A., Bagchi D., Generini S., Cerinic M. M., Das D. K.Â
Activin, a grape seed-derived proanthocyanidin extract, reduces plasmaÂ
levels of oxidative stress and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1 and E-Â
selectin) in systemic sclerosis. Free-Radic-Res. 2002; 36(8): 819-25.Â
Â
Komeima K., Rogers B. S., Lu L. and Campochiaro P. A. Antioxidants reduceÂ
cone cell death in a model of retinitis pigmentosa. PNAS. 2006; 103(30):Â
11300-11305.Â
Â
Lazze M. C., Pizzala R., Perucca P., Cazzalini1 O., Savio M., Forti L., Vannini1Â
V. and Bianchi L. Anthocyanidins decrease endothelin-1 production andÂ
increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human endothelial cells Mol.Â
Nutr. Food Res. 2006; 50: 44–51.Â
Â
Lutgens E., Cleutjens K. B., Heeneman S., Koteliansky V. E., Burkly L. C.,Â
Daemen M. J. Both early and delayed anti-CD40L antibody treatmentÂ
induces a stable plaque phenotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97: 7464-Â
7469.Â
Â
Marko D., Puppel N., Tjaden Z., Jakobs S., Pahlke G. The substitution patternÂ
of anthocyanidins affects different cellular signaling cascades regulatingÂ
cell proliferation. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 2004; 48(4): 318–325.Â
Â
Matsumoto H., Takenami E., Iwasaki-Kurashige K., Osada T., Katsumura T. andÂ
Hamaoka T. Effects of blackcurrant anthocyanin intake on peripheralÂ
muscle circulation during typing work in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;Â
94: 36–45.Â
Â
Milbury P. E., Graf B., Curran-Celentano J. M. and Blumberg J. B. BilberryÂ
(Vaccinium myrtillus) Anthocyanins modulate Heme Oxygenase-1 andÂ
Glutathione-S-Transferase-pi expression in ARPE-19 cells. Invest OphtalmolÂ
Vis Sci. 2007; 48(5): 2343-2349.Â
Â
Nakajima J., Tanaka I., Seo S., Yamazaki M. and Saito K. LC/PDA/ESI-MSÂ
Profiling and Radical Scavenging Activity of Anthocyanins in VariousÂ
Berries. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2004; 5:241–247Â
Â
Omoigui S. The interleukin-6 inflamation pathway from cholesterol to aging-Â
role of statins, biphosphonates and plant polyphenols in aging and age-Â
related diseases. Immunity & Ageing. 2007; 4: 1.Â
Â
Passamonti S., Vrhovsek U., Vanzo A., Mattivi F. The stomach as a site forÂ
anthocyanins absorption from food. FEBS Lett. 2003; 544(1-3): 210-3.Â
Â
Pilaczynska-Szczesniak L., Skarpanska-Steinborn A., Deskur E., Basta P.,Â
Horoszkiewicz-Hassan M. The influence of chokeberry juice supplementationÂ
on the reduction of oxidative stress resulting from an incremental rowingÂ
ergometer exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005;15(1):48-58.Â
Â
Rubinskiene M., Jasutiene I., Venskutonis P. R., Viskelis P. HPLCÂ
determination of the composition and stability of blackcurrantÂ
anthocyanins. Journal of Chromatographic Science. 2005; 43(9):478-482.Â
Â
Seeram N. P., Momin R. A., Nair M. G., Bourqhin L. D. CyclooxygenaseÂ
inhibitory and antioxidant cyaniding glycosides in cherries and berries.Â
Phytomedicine. 2001; 8(5): 362-369.Â
Â
Weisel T., Baum M., Eisenbrand G., Dietrich H., Will F.,Stockis J., Kulling S.,Â
Rüfer C., Johannes C., Janzowski C. Dr., An anthocyanin/polyphenolic-richÂ
fruit juice reduces oxidative DNA damage and increases glutathione levelÂ
in healthy probands. Biotechnology Journa.l 2006; 1(4): 388-397.Â
Â
Xia M., Ling W., Zhu H., Wang Q., Ma J., Hou M., Tang Z., Li L., Ye Q.Â
Anthocyanins prevents from CD40-activated proinflammatory signaling inÂ
endothelial cells by regulating cholesterol distribution. Arterioscler. Thromb.Â
Vasc. Bio.l 2007; 27: 519-524.Â
Â
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induced apoptosis through multiple signaling pathways in endothelialÂ
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Â
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Neurotoxicology. 2007; 28(1):93-100.Â
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Copyrigths: Purelife Scandinavia, Raul G Corredor 2007Â
What are anthocyanins?
Â
These plant pigments are more than coloring agents for fruit juices, wine, and other beverages. They also contain an array of health-promoting benefits.
By Marilyn Sterling, R.D.
Eaten in large amounts by primitive humans, anthocyanins are antioxidant flavonoids that protect many body systems. They have some of the strongest physiological effects of any plant compounds, and they are also things of beauty: anthocyanins provide pigment for pansies, petunias, and plums. (Anthocyanins are a separate class of flavonoids from proanthocyanidins, discussed in NSN 2000;5(6):231-4.)
Anthocyanins are the active component in several herbal folk medicines such as bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus), which was used in the 12th century to induce menstruation and during World War II to improve British pilots’ night vision. Scientists are now discovering how such anthocyanins work and are beginning to appreciate their health benefits.
Anthocyanins link with sugar molecules to form anthocyanins; besides chlorophyll, anthocyanins are probably the most important group of visible plant pigments. Anthocyanins, a flavonoid category, were found in one study to have the strongest antioxidizing power of 150 flavonoids.1Â (Approximately 4,000 different flavonoids have been identified.)
The U.S. Department of Agriculture recently tested the abilities of berry varieties to protect against oxidative damage. In general, blackberries have the highest antioxidant capacity of any fruit. Different varieties of the same species have varying amounts of anthocyanins. The varietal cultivars with the highest antioxidative capacity against superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and other oxidants are hull, thornless, and jewel raspberries; early black cranberries; and Elliot blueberries.2
Anthocyanidins and their derivatives, many found in common foods, protect against a variety of oxidants through a number of mechanisms. For example, red cabbage anthocyanins protect animals against oxidative stress from the toxin paraquat.3Cyanidins, found in most fruit sources of anthocyanins, have been found to “function as a potent antioxidant in vivo” in recent Japanese animal studies.4 In other animal studies, cyanidins protected cell membrane lipids from oxidation by a variety of harmful substances.5 Additional animal studies confirm that cyanidin is four times more powerful an antioxidant than vitamin E.6 The anthocyanin pelargonidin protects the amino acid tyrosine from the highly reactive oxidant peroxynitrite.7 Eggplant contains a derivative of the anthocyanidin delphinidin called nasunin, which interferes with the dangerous hydroxyl radical-generating system—a major source of oxidants in the body.8
Studies show anthocyanins’ positive influences on a variety of health conditions. One reason is their anti-inflammatory properties, which affect collagen and the nervous system. Their ability to protect both large and small blood vessels from oxidative damage derives from a range of effects, including mitigating microvessel damage from high blood-sugar levels that cause complications in diabetics. By the same token, diabetic retinopathy, which damages eyesight, is caused by leaking, damaged capillaries.
In the course of inflammation, enzymes damage connective tissue in capillaries, causing blood to leak into surrounding tissues. Oxidants are released and further damage blood-vessel walls. Anthocyanins protect in several ways. First, they neutralize enzymes that destroy connective tissue. Second, their antioxidant capacity prevents oxidants from damaging connective tissue. Finally, they repair damaged proteins in the blood-vessel walls. Animal experiments have shown that supplementation with anthocyanins effectively prevents inflammation and subsequent blood-vessel damage.9
Anthocyanins’ anti-inflammatory ability has been shown to help dampen allergic reactions. In one study, Bulgarian researchers gave animals histamine and serotonin, both of which cause allergic reactions and increase capillary permeability. The animals were supplemented with a variety of flavonoids. Anthocyanins were found to have the strongest anti-inflammatory effect of any flavonoid tested.10
Anthocyanins’ effects on inflammation help explain many of their protective effects elsewhere in the body. The brain is particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage. Test-tube studies show that nasunin protects lipids in animal brain tissue from oxidation.11Â Peroxynitrite nitration of tyrosine residues in enzymes and proteins is believed to be a major cause of brain damage in neurodegenerative diseases and in brain trauma. Nitrated tyrosine blocks nerve growth-factor receptor sites, thus preventing new neural growth and inhibiting repair. By preventing tyrosine nitration, the anthocyanin pelargonidin may help protect against neurological diseases. Blueberry supplements have even been found to reverse age-related neurological deficits in animals.11
Anthocyanins’ ability to counter oxidants makes them brawny atherosclerosis fighters. First, anthocyanins prevent a key step in atherogenesis: oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL). Bilberry in even trace amounts effectively protects against LDL oxidation in test-tube studies. Researchers in a USDA-funded study concluded that bilberry is a “more potent” antioxidant than vitamin C or BHT, which is used as a preservative.2Â In a human study conducted in Europe, researchers found that 55 women with intrauterine growth retardation (which manifests as a decreased rate of fetal growth), who took anthocyanins, experienced decreased oxidated LDL levels from 1,104 mU/ml to 726 in two months. LDL levels rose in the control group.12
Second, anthocyanins protect the integrity of the endothelial cells that line blood-vessel walls. Damage to these cells stimulates white blood cell migration to the area, intitiating athlerosclerosis and stimulating red blood cell migration. A study by the USDA at Tufts University in Boston found elderberry anthocyanins are quickly taken up into endothelial cell membranes where they prevent oxidation from hydrogen peroxide and other oxidants. The researchers concluded that elderberry has “important implications on … vascular diseases.”5
In addition, anthocyanins relax blood vessels. In one experiment, French researchers treated animal aortas with norepinephrine, which constricts blood vessels. Presence of the anthocyanin delphinidin relaxed the aorta by 89 percent, whereas another anthocyanin, malvidin, was ineffective. The researchers concluded that delphinidin may “be involved in reduction of cardiovascular mortality related to the presence of wine, fruits, and vegetables in the diet.”13
Anthocyanins help maintain microcapillary integrity by stabilizing capillary walls. Blocked or reduced oxygen followed by reestablishment of normal supplies is called ischemia-reperfusion. Ischemia-reperfusion creates oxidants that result in white blood cell adhesion to microcapillary walls, increases capillary wall permeability, reduces blood flow, and often causes permanent capillary damage.
One of the classic experiments on anthocyanins was conducted on hamsters in Italy. Ischemia-reperfusion was created in their cheeks by a brief clamping, causing white cells to clump onto the capillary wall and damage it. After several weeks of bilberry supplementation, scientists repeated the tests. This time, normal blood supply through the capillaries was restored, fewer white blood cells stuck to the vessel walls, and permeability was significantly reduced after reperfusion.9
Microvessel damage from high blood-sugar levels causes most of the complications in diabetes. Collagen proteins become linked with sugars, resulting in abnormal polymeric blood vessel collagen. In one German study, 12 adult diabetics took 600 mg anthocyanins daily for two months. Samples of their gum tissue were taken before and after treatment. After supplementation, abnormal collagen production was significantly decreased.14Â Diabetes renders capillaries more permeable to large molecules than they should be. For instance, the protein albumin migrates into the space between cells and is not adequately taken up by the lymphatic system. In a recent French study, researchers using an animal diabetic model found that those treated with bilberry maintained normal microcirculatory function including normal capillary filtration of albumin and its uptake by the lymphatic system.15
One of the most serious diabetic complications is retinopathy, which can cause blindness. Retinopathy occurs when the body attempts to repair leaking, damaged capillaries, but does so by overproducing abnormal proteins. Not only do anthocyanins prevent capillaries from leaking in the first place, but they also prevent abnormal protein proliferation. In one Italian study, 30 out of 40 people with retinopathy showed significant improvement after taking 120 mg anthocyanin daily for several weeks. None of the control subjects improved.16
Eyesight:Â Anthocyanins may also improve eyesight by other mechanisms. In a French study conducted in 1964, researchers vision-tested 36 people for their ability to adapt to light and dark both before and after taking bilberry anthocyanins. For several hours after supplementation, their eyesight improved significantly, although the effect wore off within 24 hours.17Â A recent Japanese study found that people taking 50 mg, but not 20 mg, black currant anthocyanins adapted better to the dark and had less eye fatigue than those in the placebo group.18
Â
Two recent tests on anthocyanins and vision have produced negative results. In 1999, Israeli researchers found that supplementation with 24 mg and 48 mg anthocyanins daily did not improve three measures of night vision: scotopic retinal threshold, dark adaptation rates, and mesoptic contrast sensitivity.19Â Researchers in a NASA study found that using 40 mg bilberry anthocyanins had no effect in night vision, visual acuity, or contrast sensitivity compared with placebo.20
Anthocyanins may have other potential benefits for humans. In the laboratory, they have been found to inhibit some human tumor cells. Cyanidin and delphinidin inhibit epidermal growth factor receptor in cancer cells, while malvidin is less effective.21
Bilberry, traditionally used for ulcers, may increase the production of stomach mucus and protect the stomach from injury. In one uncontrolled Italian study, 10 men took 1,200 mg anthocyanins for 10 days. This increased their gastric juice secretion and mucus, while stomach acid production remained constant.22
A recent Austrian pilot study, in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force, found a proprietary, standardized, elderberry extract reduced stress-related parameters such as blood glucose levels induced by stress.23
Anthocyanins have received less attention than other flavonoids, despite their far-reaching effects. Because berries were such a large part of early diets, our ancestors probably ate far more anthocyanins than we do. Some researchers feel that, by comparison, we are deficient in anthocyanins. When people become aware of the antioxidant power of these compounds, perhaps we can remedy that deficiency. In the process, some of our popular foods may become even more enjoyable.
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This is a great article. I recommend all of you to read this. Most of us do not eat grass fed beef, or raw milk… fresh vegetables and fruits…
Most of us do NOT eat enough fresh fruits and vegetables, let alone a multicolored variety. The latest cutting edge research is that polyphenols are located almost exclusively in these types of foods! If we aren’t eating these, we are missing out on a lot of polyphenols! So, for the rest of the us in the real world, where we chow down on McDonalds, and make a mad dash to Arby’s… let’s be sure to reinvest back in ourselves with the most advanced polyphenol product on the market! Medox!
Brain injuries in mice were shown to be reduced when the little critters were  given polyphenols! Check it out! Polyphenol and brain injuries in Mice
Ok. This is a great bit of research regarding polyphenols, like those found in Medox, but this is the first one I’ve seen like this. It was shown that the anti-oxidants in polyphenols reduce stress in normal cells HOWEVER this is the first time I’ve seen that polyphenols agitate tumor cells. They basically cause stress for the tumor cells to continue existing. This is really great new! I’ll be sure to continue looking into this sort of info. Â Here is the link:Â http://www.physorg.com/news96550822.html
Nature has created each organism with mechanisms to deal with free radical damage. These biochemical reactions that absorb free radicals can be classified in a variety of ways. There are lipid (fat) soluble antioxidants, such as Vitamin E which target the lipid-rich (fat-containing) parts of cells such as cell membranes. There are aqueous or water-soluble antioxidants such as Vitamin C which protect the water-containing interior liquid portions of cells. There are extrinsic antioxidants which can be ingested or applied.And there are intrinsic antioxidants which are present inside cells.Intrinsic antioxidants include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, catalase and peroxidase.These are manufactured within the cells of the organism itself for the purposes of cellular protection. A condition of “oxidative stress” exists when more free radicals exist than can be neutralized by the various types of antioxidants. Actually, we are always in a state of “oxidative stress” since the number of free radicals is never exactly matched by the number of antioxidants. There are always excess free radicals causing damage and the slow decline of the organism, also known as aging. Medox is the most powerful anti-oxidant ever conceived. Now, perhaps, you understand the importance of Medox and how it stops oxidative stress.Â
Anthocyanin compounds are natural pigments responsible for the beautiful colors seen in fruits. These compounds possess antioxidants which are capable of fighting free radicals in the body. Studies have shown that anthocyanin compounds are rapidly absorbed. When absorbed, the compounds enter the bloodstream and go to work fighting free radicals. Â Cyanidin-3-glucoside is a component of anthocyanin compounds which has shown great promise as an antioxidant to fight free radicals. Most of us do not eat fresh fruits or foods any more due to lifestyle constraints. This is why a pure extract from Medox containing these compounds are so important!
Doctors at Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science in Los Angeles had some mice left over from drug experiments. (Poor little mice! Looks like they survived!) Some of the animals had excessive hair loss (Anybody seen Flushed Away! 
), but were otherwise healthy. They decided to see if they could regrow hair in the mice, by adding a natural extract- known as polyphenols- to their diet.
The doctors divided the mice into two groups. They gave the first group a polyphenol extract added to their drinking water. The other group received plain water only. After six months, the mice receiving the polyphenols in their drinking water showed no progressive hair loss. This finding is remarkable and bears repeating. In every one of the mice fed the extract in their water, hair loss completely stopped. (Whoa! No more need for drugs for hair loss! This is finally an all natural solution!
But that is not all…
The findings on hair loss cessation are exciting by themselves. But the real surprise is the report of “significant regrowth†of hair in animals receiving the polyphenol treatment. The L.A. scientists found that 33% of the treated mice had significant hair regrowth. They actually referred to this as “spontaneous remission,â€Â a medical term usually reserved for unexplainable or miraculous reversal of disease. (Oh wow… a miracle because a natural substance and NOT A DRUG allowed the body to restore it back to health…) No hair regrowth was observed in the untreated (control) group.
Adapted from:Â David Kern
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Here is some information regarding macular degeneration.   Macular Degeneration
Proanthocyanins are effective antioxidants and have other activities such as inhibition of platelet activity. Several successful antioxidant products are based on proanthocyanins including grape seed extract and pine bark extract (Enzogenol and Pycnogenol). Some other fruits also contain substantial proanthocyanin concentrations such as grape, and persimmon. Additionally, the health properties of cocoa (and chocolate) are promoted due to the high proanthocyanin content. Black Currants and Bilberries contain sky-high amounts of proanthocyanins and many other anti-oxidant compounds! All of which is highly concentrated in Medox! www.medox-usa.comÂ
Black currants have been shown to provide significant support to vision health. One study showed that the anthocyanins in black currants influenced the regeneration of rhodopsin. (see the study cited below)  “Medox is made from black currants†says Siri H Torgersen, CEO of Medox-USA. “Medox is an extremely potent berry extract providing enhanced levels of anthocyanins.â€Â  Togersen adds that it is truly fantastic that the research is finally catching up with the years of anecdotal evidence that these products really work!  Study: Matsumoto H, et al (2003) “Stimulatory effect of cyanidin 3-glycosides on the regeneration of rhodopsin.†J Agric Food Chem. 51, 3560-3.  Visit www.medox-usa.com for more info!Â
Black Currants are being shown to reduce hemorrhoids. Rudy Silva has written an excellent blog piece on hemorrhoid relief detailing this with the use of dark fruits including Black Currants. But, of course we know, that we don’t always have access to these delicious fruits all year long. So, be sure to stock up on Medox!Â
As featured on the Today show, this article showcases foods that fight arthritis. Of course, Black Currants are included. These are the modern day wonder food! And remember they are found in Medox!  Here is the article: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21246089/ Â
Here are a few facts about Black Currants that you might want to know. Most people had never heard of these fruits because they were banned in the US for 50 years! This poor little fruit was thought to be causing havoc in the lumber industry. In 1980, this was lifted, as the research was proved it did not cause this problem!  Black currants are a powerhouse fruit with twice the antioxidants of blueberries, four times the vitamin C of oranges, and more potassium than bananas.   They have a higher antioxidant scale number than any other fruit, ounce per ounce!  It is still rare to find currants in the supermarket so this is why we wanted to bring Medox to the USA! Check out more info at Medox!Â
